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OUTLINES 



OF THE 



LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE, 

FOR BEGINNERS. 

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Entered according 10 Act of Congress, in the year 1874, by 

ROBERT F. PENNELL, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 

In a Conditional sentence the Condition is called the Prot- 
asis, the Conclusion is called the Apodosis. 

The Protasis is regularly introduced by si, nisi and sin. 

Conditions are divided into three classes, present, past and 
future. 

I. 

Present Conditions are subdivided into two classes, (a) 
those which require the Indicative, (b) those which require 
the Subjunctive. 

a. Conditions referring to present time, with no opinion 
expressed as to their truth or falsity, take the Present Indic- 
ative in both Protasis and Apodosis. 

Si vales, gaudeo. 

If you are well, I am glad, i. e., I do not know whether you 
are ivell or not, but if you are, 1 am glad. 

b. Conditions referring to present time, and contrary to 
fact, take the Imperfect Subjunctive in both Protasis and 
Apodosis. 

Si valeres, gauderem. 

If you were well (to-day), I should rejoice (to-day), i. e., 
You are not well, therefore J do not rejoice. 

II. 

Past Conditions are subdivided into two classes, (a) those 
which require the Indicative, (b) those which require the 
Subjunctive. 

a. Conditions referring to past time, with no opinion ex- 



pressed as to their truth or falsity, take some past tense of 
the Indicative, in both Protasis and Apodosis. 

Si Romam ivit, regem vidit. If he went to Rome, he 
saw the King, i. e., I do not know whether he went to Rome 
or not, but if he did, he saw the King. 

b. Conditions referring to past time, and contra^ to fact 
take the Pluperfect Subjunctive in both Protasis and Apodo- 
sis. 

Si Romam ivisset, regem vidisset. If he had gone to 
Rome, he would have seen the King, i. e., he did not go to 
Rome, and therefore did not see the King. 

III. 

Future Conditions are sub-divided into two classes, (a) 
those which require the Indicative, (b) those which require the 
Subjunctive. 

a. Conditions referring to future time, with no opinion ex- 
pressed as to their truth or falsity, take the Future Indica- 
tive in both Protasis and Apodosis, but when the Condition 
is conceived of as completed before the Conclusion begins, the 
Protasis takes the Future Perfect Indicative. 

Si quid habebit, dabit. If he has (shall have) anything, 
he will give it, i. e., I do not know whether he will have any- 
thing or not, but if he does he will give it. 

Si ducere negaveris, culpam in te transferet. If 
you refuse to marry, he will throw the blame on you. 

Frequently the Apodosis takes the Future Imperative (or 
a form of the Subjunctive used as an Imperative) instead of 
the Future Indicative. 

Si quidquant invenies me mentitum esse, occidito. 
If you find that I have told any falsehood, kill me. 

b. Conditions referring to future time and expressing 
slight improbability as to their fulfilment, take the Present 
Subjunctive in both Protasis and Apodosis, but when the 
Condition is conceived of as completed before the Conclusion 
begins, the Protasis takes the Perfect Subjunctive. 



Si quid habeat, det. If he were to have anything, he 
t\ ou Id give it. 

Haec si tecum patria loquatur, nonne impetrare 
debeat ? If 3 r our country were to speak thus with you, 
ought she not to prevail ? 

Si sic omnia dixeris, contemnaris. If you were to 
speak everything in this way, you would be despised. 

IV. 

a. Present Conditions (subdivision a) may take in the 
Apodosis the Present Imperative. 

Quod si ea ignoratis, respicite Galliam. But if you 
are ignorant of these things, look at Gaul. 

b. Also the Present Subjunctive of Desire. 

Si quid in nobis animi est, hos latrones interficia- 
mus. If we have any courage, let us kill these robbers. 

c. Future Conditioris (subdivision a) occasionally take the 
Present Indicative in the Protasis to express instantaneous 
action 

Nisi mini liber traditur, vivum te non relinquam. 
If you do not hand over to me (immediately) the book, I 
shall not leave you alive. 

d. Past Conditions (subdivision a) may take the Present 
Indicative in the Apodosis. 

Si deus mundum creavit, conservat etiam. If God 
created the world, he also preserves it. 

e. Past Conditions (subdivision b) may take the Imper- 
fect Subjunctive in the Apodosis. 

Si Romam venisset, gauderet. If he had come to Rome 
(yesterday) he would be happy (now). 

V. 

a. The Imperfect Indicative of debere, decere, oporte- 
re, posse and esse, is often found in the Apodosis of Pres- 
ent Conditions (subdivision b). 

Si victoria dubia esset, tamen omnes bonos rei- 



publics© sub venire decebat. If victory were doubtful, 
nevertheless all good citizens ought to come to the aid of 
the state. 

Si non alium jactaret odorem, laurus erat. It were 
a laurel tree, if it did not emit a widely different smell. 

b. The Perfect Indicative of the above mentioned verbs is 
used in the Apodosis of Past Conditions (subdivision b). 

Si Romae non fuisset, id perficere non potuit. If he 
had not been at Rome, he could not have brought this about. 

c. Verbs denoting necessity, propriety, duty, possibility, 
ivishing, &c, and also the active and passive periphrastic 
conjugations, imply futurity in themselves. Hence the Pres- 
ent Indicative of such verbs may stand in the Apodosis, 
where we find the Future Indicative or Present Subjunctive 
in the Protasis. 

Non possum istum accusare, si cupiam. I cannot 
accuse /w, if I were to wish it. 

VI. 

The Protasis is sometimes implied in a word or phrase, or 
entirely omitted. 

Ego cum talibus viris brevi orbem terrarum subi- 
gerem. If I had such men, I would conquer the whole world 
in a short time. 

Here the Protasis is implied in cum talibus viris=si 
tales viros haberem, 

VII. 
GENERAL CONDITIONS. 

We sometimes find the second person singular of the Sub- 
junctive in the Protasis and the Present Indicative in the 
Apodosis. Here the conclusion denotes a general truth, and 
the subject of the verb in the condition is indefinite. 

Mens, si exerceas, conteritur. If you (i. e., any one) 
use the mind, it wears away. 



VIII. 
SUBOEDINATE AND LEADING VERBS. 

A subordinate verb is one introduced by a (a) causal, (b) 
concessive, (c) conditional, (d) consecutive, (e) fined, (f) inter- 
rogative, (g) relative, or (h) temporal particle, or pronoun. 

a. Cum (since), quando (whilst), quandoquidem 
(since), quia, quod (because), quoniam, quippe (forasmuch 
as). 

b. Cum (although), etsi, etiamsi, tametsi, licet (al- 
though), quamquam, quamvis. 

c. Si, sin, nisi, ni, dummodo, modo, dum (provided 
only). 

d. Ut, quin, qnominus. 

e. Ut, ne. 

/. Si (whether), cur, — ne, qualis, quamobrem, quan- 
do, quantus, quapropter, quare, quis, quot, quoties, 
ubi, unde. 

g. Qui, quantus, qualis, quot, quoties, ubi, unde. 

h. Antequam, cum (when), donee, dum, postquam, 
priusquam, quamdiu, quoad, ubi (as soon as), ut (as soon 
as). 

A leading verb is one not introduced by any of the above 
mentioned words. 

IX. 

SEQUENCE OF TENSES. 

Primary tenses follow Primary tenses. Secondary tenses 
follow Secondary tenses. 

Present, 
Two Futures, 
> Perfect Definite (with have), 



Primary tenses 
of the Indicative, 



also 
j Imperative. 
Primary tenses ) Present (Incomplete action), 

of the Subjunctive, J Perfect (Complete action). 



"] Present Historical, 

i Imperfect, 

f Perfect Indefinite (without hare), 

J Pluperfect. 

Imperfect (Incomplete action), 
Pluperfect (Complete action). 

i 
i 

> ut Romam eant. 



1 



the ambassadors to £Q to Eome. 



3 



Secondaty tenses 
of the Indicative, 

Secondary tenses 
of the Subjunctive, 

Legatis imperat, 
Legatis imperabit, 
Legatis imperavit, 
Legatis imperaverit, 
Legatis impera 
He orders, 
He will order, 
He has ordered, 
He will have ordered, 
Order 

Rogat, 
Rogabat, 
Rogavit, 
Rogaverat 

He asks (historical), 
He was asking, 
He asked, 
He had asked 

Exc. a. In Consecutive clauses (of result) the Perfect Sub- 
junctive is regularly used after Secondary tenses, instead of 
the Pluperfect. 

Dixerunt tantum esse eorum omnium furorem, ut ne 
Suessiones quidem deterrere potuerint. 

They said that the madness of all these ivas so great that 
they had been unable to restrain even the Suessiones. 

Exc. b. In Present and Past conditions (subdivision b) 
the verb of the Protasis always remains the same after both 
Primary and Secondary tenses. 

Dicit se, si valeres, gavisurum esse. 

Dicit se, si valuisses, gavisurum fuisse. 

He says that he would be happy if you were well. 

He says that he would have been happy if you had been 
well. 



} ut curaret 

i 
} 

)> him to attend. 

i 



X. 

FINAL CLAUSES. 

Final chaises, i. e., clauses denoting the purpose or object 
of an action, introduced by ut, ne, and the relatives qui, 
ubi, and unde, or negatively by ut ne and ne, take the 
Subjunctive. 

Final clauses may be divided for convenience into 4 class- 
es : (a) pure final clauses, (b) object clauses of purpose, (c) 
subject clauses of purpose, (d) relative clauses of purpose. 

a. Veni ut te conveniam. I have come to meet you. 

b. Object clauses of purpose are used with ut, and ne (or 
ut ne) as the object 

(1) of verbs signifying to admonish, advise, beg, com- 
mand, compel, exhort, permit, wish. 

lis imperat ut ei frumenti copiam faciant. He com- 
mands them to supply him with corn. 

Monet ut omnes suspiciones vitet. He advises him to 
avoid all suspicion. 

Te oro ut me adjuves. I beg you to assist me. 

Exc. a. Jubeo and its opposite veto, also patior, gener- 
ally take the Infinitive with a subject accusative instead of 
ut with the Subjunctive. 

Caesarem jussit Juliam ducere. He ordered Ccesar to 
marry Julia. 

Nullo se impHcari negotio passus est. He allowed 
himself to be involved in no business. 

Ab legionibus legates Caesar discedere vetuerat 
Caisar had forbidden the lieutenants to leave the legions. 

Exc. b. Verbs of wishing, as volo, cupio, &c, may take 
the simple Infinitive, especially if the subject of both the In- . 
finitive and its verb is the same. 

Transire Tiberim, patres, et intrare castra hostium 
volo. I wish, fathers, to cross the Tiber and enter the camp 
of the enemy. 



(2) of verbs signifying to fear. Here nt is used when the 
object is desired, and is always to be translated by "that 
not;" ne is used when the object is not desired, and is to be 
translated by "that" or " lest;" ne non is sometimes used 
instead of ut. 

Vereor ut tibi ilia possim concedere. I fear that I 
cannot grant those things to you, i. e., I wish I could but I 
cannot. 

Vereor ne, &c. i" am afraid, that I can grant those things 
to you, i. e., I wish I could not, but I can. 

(3) Object clauses of purpose, with ne, [compare Consecu- 
tive Clauses, b, (2),] are used after impedio, prohibeo, de- 
tereo, obsisto, obsto, officio, repugno, intercedo, in- 
terdico, teneo (to withold), temper©, recuso, caveo. 

Sententiam ne diceret, recusavit. He refused to ex- 
press his opinion. 

c. /Subject clauses of purpose are occasionally used with 
ut, ut ne or ne (generally understood) as the subject of 
necesse est or oportet. 

Itaque de vestro delicto confitiamini necesse est. 
Therefore it is necessary to make confession of your crime. 

Remark. Generally these verbs take after them an In- 
finitive as subject. 

d. Relative clauses of purpose are introduced by qui (or 
any relative particle), when it is equivalent to ut with a 
demonstrative or personal pronoun. 

Magistrates deliguntur, qui (= ut ii) urbi prsssint 
Magistrates are chosen to preside over the city; literally, that 
they may pre side. 

e. Ut is often omitted before the Subjunctive, especially 
after volo and its compounds, the imperatives die and fac, 
and verbs of reminding, advising, &c, and in the Oratio 
Obliqua after verbs of commanding and the like. 

Fac habeas. See that you have, 
f Ne is often omitted after cave. 



Cave eas. Take care not to go. 

g. The leading clause, upon which the final clause de- 
pends, is sometimes omitted. 

Ac ne longmxi sit. And not to be tedious. 

Nedum in man sit facile. Much less is it easy on the 
sea. Ut ita dicam.. So to speak. Ne singles nomi- 
neni. Not to mention individuals. 

h. There are eight different ways of expressing purpose 
in Latin, e. g. u He came to Borne to ask peace" may be 
written : — 

(1) Romam venit ut pacem peteret, (pure final 
clause), 

(2) Honlam venit qui (=ut is) pacem peteret 
(relative clause of purpose), 

(3) Romam venit ad pacem petendrm (not common) 
(gerund ), 

(4) Romam venit ad pacem petendrm (gerundive), 

(5) Romam venit pacem petendi causa (or gratia) 
(gerund with causa), 

(6) Romam venit pacis petendae causa (or gratia) 
(gerundive with causa), 

(7) Romam venit pacem petiturus (future active par- 
ticiple) , 

(8) Romam venit pacem petitum (former supine). 

XI. 

CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES. 

Consecutive clauses, i* e., claases of result are used with 
the subjunctive after ut, ut non, quin and quominus, and 
the relatives qui, ubi and unde. 

Consecutive clauses may be divided for convenience into 
4 classes, (a) pure result, (b) object clauses of result, (c) sub- 
ject clauses of result, (d) relative clauses of result. 

2 



a. Tarn liberalis fuit ut nemo causam haberet, cur 

quereretur. He was so liberal that no one had cause to com- 
plain. 

b. (1) Object clauses of result are used with ut and 
ut non, as the object of verbs signifying to accomplish, cause, 
and the like. 

FeceLint ut consiniilis fugae profectio yideretur. 
They caused the departure to seem just like a flight. 

(2) Also with quin and quominus, after verbs or phrases 
of hindering or doubting. Quin is used only after negatives 
expressed or implied. 

Non recusamus quin nos stultos putes. We do not 
object to your thinking us foolish. 

c. Subject clauses of result are used with ut and ut 
non as the subject of verbs meaning it happens, remains, 
follows, is added, is distant, and with the verb esse (with or 
without a predicate noun or adjective). 

Accidit ut primus nuntiaret It happened that he was 
the first to bring word. 

Reliquum est ut de felicitate pauca dicamus. It 
remains for us to say a few words about good fortune. 

Tan Liaan abfuit ut Caesar vinceretur ut hostes etiam 
persequgretur. Cozsar was so far from being defeated that 
he even pursued the enemy. 

Jrs est belli ut qui vicerint imperent It is the right 
of war that those ivho conquer, govern. 

d. Relative clauses of result are generally introduced by 
qui, and take the Subjunctive. 

(1) When qui is equivalent to ut with a personal or de- 
monstrative pronoun. Non is est qui (=ut is) metuat. 
He is not the man to be afraid. 

Non is sum qui (=ut ego) clade dejiciar. lam not 
the man to be disheartened by defeat. 

(2) When qui is equivalent to ejusmodi ut. Of such 
a hind as to. 



Sunt qni (=@jusmodi nt) doceant. ' There are some 
who teach. 

Sunt qni eenseant. There are some ivho think. 

Invent! autem ninlti sunt qui etiam vitam profun- 
dere pro patria parati essent. And there have been 
found many who were, ready to pour out their very life-blood 
for their father-land. 

Est nbl (=ut ibi) id valeat, There are instances in 
'which this avails, 

(3) When qni is preceded by dignus, indignus, idone- 
us and aptns. 

Dignus est qni ametur. lie is worthy to be loved. 

Livianae fabulse non satis dignae snnt quae iternm 
legantur. The plays of Livy do not deserve a second read- 
ing. 

Nulla niihi videbatnr aptior persona, quae desenec- 
tnte loqueretur, quam Catonis. ffo personage seemed to 
me better adapted to speak about old age, than that of Cato. 

Idoneus non est qui impetret Tie is not a fit person 
to obtain his request. 

Remark. Rarely instead of qni we find nt. 

The poets often use the Infinitive. ' 

(4) When qui is preceded by nnns, solus and primus, 
and in restrictive clauses. 

Hasc est una contentia, quae adhuc permanserit 
This is the only dispute which has remained till this time. 

Solus es, Caesar, cujus in victoria ceciderit nemo 
nisi armatuo. You are the only conqueror, Coesar, in 
whose victory no one fell unless armed. 

Quod sciam. As far as I know. 

Quod meminerim. As far as I recollect. 
i (Quod sciam is here equivalent to quantum scio.) 

Servus est nemo, qui mod© tolerabili condicione sit 
servitutis. There is not a slave, at least in any tolerable 
condition of slavery. 



Ex oratoribus Atticis antiquissimi sunt, quorum qui- 

dem scripta constent, Pericles et Aleibiades. Peri- 
cles and Aleibiades are the most ancient Athenian orators, so 
far, at least, as their writings are to be relied on as authen- 
tic. 

(5) When qui has for its antecedent a general negative 
or an interrogative expression implying a negative answer. 

Nemo qui sapiat hoc ighorat. No one who is wise is 
ignorant of this. 

"Nihil est quod (=eur) dubites. There is no reason 
why you shoidd hesitate. 

Quis est, qui utilia fugiat ? Who is there who shuns 
what is useful f 

(6) When qui is preceded by a comparative with quam. 
Majora quam quae intelligi possint Things too great 

to be understood. 

Campani majora delinquerant quam, quibus ignosci 
posset. The Campanians had committed too great sins to 
be pardoned. 

XII. 

OTHER USES OF QUI WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE. 

a. Qui when equivalent to cum (since) with a demon- 
strative or personal pronoun may take the Subjunctive. 

O fortunate adolescens, qui (=cran tu) tuge virtutis 
Homerum pr^conem invenerls. Fortunate youth in 
having (since you) found Homer to proclaim your valor. 

Remark. Frequently qui is strengthened by ut, ixtpote, 
prsesertim or quippe, (though the Indicative is found with 
praesertim qui and quippe qui). 

b. Qui when equivalent to cum (although) with a de- 
monstrative or personal pronoun, requires the Subjunctive. 

Ego, qui (=cum ego) sero G-reecas litteras attigis- 
sem tamen complures Athenis dies sum commoratus. 



I myself, though I began Greek literature late, yet delayed 
very many days at Athens. 

c. Qui when equivalent 'to si with a pronoun takes the 
Subjunctive, under the same conditions that si would. (See 
Conditional Sentences). 

Haec qui (= si quis) videat nonne cogatur. If any 
one loere to see these things, would he not be compelled? [See 
Future Conditions (#)]. 

d. Qui req ires the Subjunctive when introducing a sub- 
ordinate clause in the Oratio Obliqua. (See Indirect Dis- 
course). 

XIII. 

TEMPORAL CLAUSES. 

a. Cum temporal takes the Imperfect and Pluperfect 
Subjunctive, if there is any relation of cause or effect be- 
tween the two clauses which it connects. 

Cum bellum finivisset, rediit. After he had finished 
the toar he returned (as a natural consequence). Cum 
Athenis essem Philo ad me venit. While I was in 
Athens Philo came to me (as a sort of consequence of my 
being there) ; eram would imply that Philo' s coming was 
accidental and unconnected with my being there. 

Remark. Cum with the Imperfect Subjunctive is best 
translated by "while" or "as," with the Pluperfect by "af- 
ter." 

b. Cum (temporal) as a simple particle of time, is used 
with the Indicative. This use is not common, as some idea 
of cause or effect is almost always present. 

Loquebar cumingressus es. I was speaking when you 
came in (your coming in had nothing to do with my speak- 
ing). 

c. Antequam and Priusquam are generally joined in 
narration with the Imperfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive, 

3 



when the writer implies that the action did not take place. 
But if the action did take place, the Indicative is used. 

Numidse, priusquam ex castris subveniretur, in 
proxixnos colles diseedunt. The Numidians went off to 
the nearest hills, before assistance came from the camp, (i. e., 
assistance did not come from the camp). 

Neque prius fiigere destiterunt, quarn ad Rhenum 
pervenerunt. They did not leave off running aivay until they 
came to the Rhine, (i. e. they did reach the Rhine). 

d. When not in narration these particles seem to be used 
indifferently with both moods. 

e. Bum, donee and quoad, when signifying "until" 
and implying purpose, take the Subjunctive. 

Exspectas fortasse, dum haec dicat. You are ivait- 
ing perhaps until he says this, (for him to say this). 

Remark 1. Bum and dummodo (also modo) mean- 
ing "provided"' take the Subjunctive. 

Remark 2. Bum (while) when used with the Present 
Indicative, gives it the force of the Imperfect or Perfect ; 
when used with the Perfect Indicative, gives it the force of 
the Pluperfect. 

Bum ea Roman! parant, jam Sagunfcuni ©ppugnaba- 
tur. While the Romans were making these preparations, 
Saguntum was already enduring a siege. 

XIV. 

CAUSAL CLAUSES. 

a. Cum, "since" or "because," is usually followed by the 
Subjunctive. 

Quae cum ita sint. Since these things are so. 

b. Quod, quia, quoniam and quando take the Indica- 
tive, except when introducing a reason given by another 
person (Oratio Obliqua). 

c. For Qui when used with a causal force, see XII. 



XV. 
CONCESSIVE CLAUSES. 

a. Etsi, etiamsi and tametsi (even if or although) 
have the same construction as si. (See Conditional Sen- 
tences). 

b. Cum (although) takes the Subjunctive. 

e. Licet, quamvis and ut (although), take the Subjunc- 
tive. 

Remark 1. Licet is properly a verb, meaning u it is allow- 
able" and ut is understood after it. 

Remark 2. Quamvis means literally, u as much as you 
please" 

d. Quamquam, is followed by the Indicative, except in 
Oratio Obliqua. 

e. For qui with a concessive force, see XII. 

XVI. 
CLAUSES OF COMPARISON. 

a. Tamquam, tamquamsi, quasi, acsi, utsi, velut, 
velutsi, veluti and ceu (in poetry) "as if" are used to ex- 
press what is merely assumed for the sake of comparison, and 
take the Present and Perfect Subjunctive, except when the 
^Sequence of Tenses" requires the Imperfect or Pluperfect. 

Quasi res dubia sit. As if the matter were doubtful. 

XVII. 
INTERROGATIVE CLAUSES. 

Questions may be asked directly or indirectly. 
Nonne vides ? Do you not see f (Direct). 
Quaeritur, cur homines dissentiant. It is a question, 
why men disagree. (Indirect). 

a. All direct questions require the Indicative. 

b. All indirect questions require the Subjunctive. 



c. In asking a direct question we may use either the en- 
clitic ne, or num, or nonne, but with different meanings. 

Ne asks for information. 

Vales ne ? Are you well? 

Nonne expects the answer yes. 

Nonne vales ? Are you not toell ? 

Num expects the answer no. 

Num vales ? You are not well, are you f 

Remark. A direct question ma}^ be asked without any in- 
terrogative particle. 

Clodius insidias fecit Miloni ? Did Clodius waylay 
Milo f 

d. Double Questions may be divided into four classes. 

(1) Those which have utrum in the first part of the 
clause, and an in the second. 

Utrum pacem an bellum nobis datis ? Do you give 
us peace or war f 

(2) Those which have ne (the enclitic) in the first part 
of the clause, and an in the second. 

Egone ero an tu ? Shall it be you or I f 

(3) Those which have no interrogative particle in the first 
part, but an in the second. 

Ferro an fame acrius urgear incertus sum. I am un- 
certain whether I am pushed by the sword or by famine. 

(4) Those which have no interrogative particle in the first 
part, but ne (the enclitic) in the second. 

Experiri voluit verum falsumne esset relatum. He 

wanted to find out whether the story was true or false. 

Remark a. The words "or not" are best translated in di- 
rect double questions by annon ; in indirect by necne. 

Will Ccesar be king or not ? Rexne Caesar futurus est, 
annon ? 

He is uncertain whether Ccesar will be king or not. In- 
certus est utrum rex Caesar futurus sit, necne. 



Remark 6. Notice that aut and vel are not used for 
"or" in double questions. 

"In double questions an and ne, 
Not aut or vel, the word must be." 
Remark c. Si is occasionally used in the sense of 'wheth- 
er," and takes the Subjunctive of Indirect Question. 

XVIII. 
CLAUSES OF WISH. 

a. A wish is expressed by the Subjunctive, often preced- 
ed by the particles uti, utinam, or O si. 

b. The Present Subjunctive is used when the wish may be 
fulfilled. Conficiam tua consilia. I hope I may accom- 
plish your designs. 

c. The Imperfect Subjunctive is used when the wish can- 
not be fulfilled at the Present time. Utinam exstarent 
ilia carmina. Would that those songs were extant (now). 

d. The Perfect Subjunctive is used only by early writers 
to express a wish. 

e. The Pluperfect Subjunctive is used when the wish was 
not fulfilled. in the past. Utinam ille omnes secum suas 
copias eduxisset Would he had lead forth with him all 
his confederates. 

XIX. 

CLAUSES OF EXHORTATION, COMMAND AND PRO- 
HIBITION. 

a. An exhortation is expressed by the Present Subjunc- 
tive. 

Imitemur majores nostros. Let us imitate our ances- 
tors. 

b. A command is expressed by the second person (rarely 
by the third) of the Imperative, or mildly by the Present Sub- 
junctive. 

4 



Mitte Mareum ad me. Send Marcus to me, 
Cedat stilus gladio. Let the pen give way to the sword. 
Remark. Fac and cura, with tlie subjunctive, also ex- 
press a command. 
Fac venias. Be sure and come. 
Cura ut valeas. Take care of your health, 
c. A prohibition is expressed — 

(1) by ne with the third person of the Present or Perfect 
Subjunctive. 

(2) by ne with the second person singular of the Present 
Subjunctive. 

(3) by noli with the Present Infinitive. 

(4) by cave with the Present or Perfect Subjunctive. 
Nequid rei tibi sit cum Saguntinis. Have nothing to 

do with the Saguntines. 

Ne timueris. Do not fear. 

Noli tarn, esse injustus, Be not so unjust. 

Cave hoc facias. Do not do this. 

XX. 

SUBJUNCTIVE OF ESSENTIAL PART. 

Any subordinate clause takes the Subjunctive when it is 
so closely connected with a Subjunctive clause, or an accu- 
sative and its Infinitive, as to become an essential part of 
them, 

Nos autem, fortes viri, satis facere reipublicae 
videmur, si istius furorem ac tela vitemus. But we, 
brave men, seem to do enough for the state, if we escape the 
madness and weapons of this wretch. Here si * * * 
vitemus is an essential part of satis facere. 

Antonium misi ad te, cui, si tibi videretur, cohor- 
tes traderes. I sent Antony to you, for you to deliver to him 
the cohorts, if it seemed best. Here si * * * vid- 
eretur is an essential part of cui * * * traderes. 



XXI. 

THE INFINITIVE. 

The Infinitive expresses the action or state of the verb 
and is used like a neuter noun, generally in the Nominative 
or Accusative case. 

a. The Infinitive is used as the subject or predicate nom- 
inative of est and Impersonal verbs. 

Diligere parentes prima naturae lex est. To love 

one's parents is the first law of nature. (Diligere is the 
subject of est). 

b. The Infinitive is used without a subject accusative, 
after verbs signifying wish, power, duty, habit, knowledge, 
inclination, intention, commencement, continuance, cessation, 
neglect, &c. 

Remark. This Infinitive may be called the "complemen- 
tary" Infinitive, as the above verbs require a second verb to 
complete their meaning. 

Male beneficii mei oblivisci. / prefer to forget my 
kindness. 

Venire non possum. I cannot come. 

c. The Infinitive is used with a subject accusative, after 
verbs of saying, thinking, hearing, feeling, knowing, hoping, 
promising, &c. 

Audivit nos venire. He heard that wevwere coming. 

c. "Verbs which express the emotions of the mind may 
be followed by an Accusative and Infinitive to express the 
cause of the emotion/ ' 

Hsec perfecta esse gaudeo. I am delighted because 
these matters are settled. 

Remark. A clause denoting the cause is generally ex- 
pressed by quod and finite verb. See Causative Clauses. 

d. In animated narration the Infinitive is used independ- 
ently with the force of the Imperfect Indicative, and has its 



subject in the Nominative. This is called the Historical 
Infinitive. , 

Hostes geesa conjicere. The enemy hurled their jav- 



e. The Infinitive, with a subject accusative is used inde- 
pendently to denote indignation or surprise. 

Mene incepto desistere victam? What I J, baffled, 
give up my purpose ? 

f. The Infinitive is used to denote purpose in poetry. 
Non populare penates venimus. We have come not 

to lay waste your homes. 

XXII, 
INDIRECT DISCOURSE! 

A direct quotation (Oratio Recta) is one in which the 
speaker or writer uses the exact words of another. 

An indirect quotation (Oratio Obliqua) is one in which 
the exact words of the original speaker are made to depend 
upon some verb of saying, or equivalent phrase. 

Romam eras ibo. I shall go to Rome to-morrow. 
{Oratio Recta). 

Dixit se Romam eras iturum esse. He said that he 
should go to Rome to-morrow. (Oratio Obliqua). 

In changing from the Oratio Recta to the Oratio Obliqua , 
observe the following rules : 

A. 
All leading verbs are to be changed to the Infinitive. 

Present 
. Infinitive. 

Perfect 
Infinitive. 

Future 
Infinitive. 



(1) The Present 
and 
Imperfect 


> Indicative 


are 

changed 

to the 


(3) The Perfect 
and 
Pluperfect 


> Indicative 


are 

changed 

to the 


(2) The Fature 
and 

Future Perfect 


> Indicative 


are 

changed 

to the 



(5) The Present, 
Imperfect 
and Perfect 



(G) 



The 

Pluperfect 



> Subjunctive 

> Subjunctive 



are 

changed 

to the 

is 

changed 

to the 



Future 
Infinitive. 

Future Active 
Participle 
with fuisse. 



(7) Exc. The Imperative and the Subjunctive (of com- 
mand) of the Oratio Recta are expressed by the Present or 
Imperfect Subjunctive in the Oratio Obliqua. 



B. 

All subordinate verbs are usually changed to the Subjunc- 
tive, their tense depending upon the rule for sequence of 
tenses. 



(1) The Present, ~) 

Imperfect i 

and \ 

(2) Future J 

(3) The Perfect, ~) 

Pluperfect I 

and [ 

(4) Future Perfect j 



,. " are Present 

changed or 
.. " to the Imperfect 

ln- 

dic- 

a 

tive 



are Perfect 
changed or 
to the Pluperfect 



) 

i 

y Subjunctive 

i 

3 
1 

I 

} Subjunctive 

i 

3 

(8) Exc. Questions, which in the Oratio Recta were 
asked in the first or third persons, are expressed in the Ora- 
tio Obliqua by the Accusative with the Infinitive. 

(1) Si domi es, bene est. If you are at home, it is well. 

(1) Dicit, si domi sis, bene esse. He says that, if you 
are at home, it is well. 

(1) Dixit, si domi esses, bene esse. He said that, if 
you were at home, it was well. 

(2) Si domum ibis; bene erit. If you go home, it will 
be well. 

(2) Dicit, si domum eas, bene fore. He says that, if 
you go home, it will be well. 

(2) Dixit, si domum ires, bene fore. He said that, if 
you went home, it would be well. 
5 



(3) Si regem vidisti, hominem nobilem vidisti. If 

you saw the king, you saw a renowned person. 

(3) Dicit te, si regem videris, hominem nobilem vi- 
disse. He says that you saw a renowned man, if you saw 
the king. 

(3) Dixit te, si regem vidisses, hominem nobilem 
vidisse. He said that you saw a renowned man, if you saw 
the king. 

(4) Si Caesari nupseris, bene erit If yon marry Cae- 
sar, it will be well. 

(4) Dicit, si Caesari nupseris, bene fore. He says 
that, if you marry Caesar, it will be well. 

(4) Dixit, si Caesari nupsisses, bene fore. He said 
that, if you married Caesar, it would be well. 

(5) Si quid habeas, des. If you were to have anything, 
you would give it. 

(5) Dixit te, si quid liaberes, daturum esse. He said 
that, if you were to have anything, you would give it. 

(6) Si valuisses, gavisus esses. If you had been well, 
you would have rejoiced. 

(6) Dixit te, si valuisses, gavisurum fuisse. He said 
that you would have rejoicedj if you had been well. 

(7) Si quidquam invenies me mentitum esse, occi- 
dito. If you find that I have told an} T falsehood, kill me. 

(7) Dixit, si quidquam in venires se mentitum esse, 
occideres. He said that, if you found that he had told any 
falsehood, you should kill him. 

(8) Si veteris contumelias oblivisci volo, num etiam 
recentium injuriarum memoriam deponere possum ? 

(8) Respondit, si * * * * * vellet, num * * 
* * * posse ? 



XXIII 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 
* 1 

In definite Pro no un s . 
Quis, quispiam ) * * general and indefinite. 
Qtiivis, quilibet > any * all included = any you please. 
TTllus, quisquam ) * * all excluded = any at all. 

Hence ullus and quisquam are found generally in nega- 
tive sentences ; in interrogative sentences expecting a nega- 
tive answer ; in conditional and comparative sentences. 

Ullus is generally used adjectively (i. e., with a noun add- 
ed to it). Its negative is nullus. 

Quisquam is generally used substantively (i. e., without 
any noun). Its negative is nemo (which notice is wanting 
in the Genitive and Ablative singular and in the plural 
throughout ; these forms being supplied by the correspond- 
ing cases of nullus). 

Aliquis \ * * * * less definite than quidam. 

Quidam ) some * * * * =certus aliquis. 

Dtmimodo doleat aliquid, doleat quidlibet. So long as 
he suffers something, let him suffer anything you please. 

Non cuivis homini talia contingent. Such luck does 
not fall to the lot of every one (i. e., anyone vou like). 

■kt - *. > no one who is sat- 

or Negat quemquam esse f is Mdwith this 

cui hoc placeat. J tsJiea wlt/l tflls ' 

Notice that ullum without hominem, or quemquam 
with hominem, would be unusual. 

Estne quisquam omnium mortalium qui talia cone- 
tur. Is there anyone among mankind ivho attempts such 
things? (Ans. No.) 

Si quid dedisset. If he had given anything. 

Si aliquid dedisset. If he had given something. 

Quidam de collegis nostris recusant. Some (i. c, 
certain ones) of our colleagues refuse. 



Et quisquam Junonis nnrnen adoret praeterea ? 
And is anyone after this to worship the divinity of Juno ? 
Quamdiu quisquarn erit, qui te defendere audeat, 

vives. As long as there is anyone at all who dares to de- 
fend you, you shall live. 



.Verbs that govern the Dative case, and also Intransitive 
verbs, most be used impersonally in the passive voice. 

Xmperatimi mihi est {not xmperatus sum). I am 
commanded. 

lis suadebitur (not suadebuntur) ut taceant. They 
will be advised to keep silent. 

Catoni non possum credere. / cannot believe Goto. 

Catoni non potest a me credi Cato cannot he believed 
by me. (Credi is used impersonally). 

Hon potuit ulii civitati Germanorum persuadere. 
He could not persuade any state of the Germans. 

N! eque tamen potuit ulli civitati Germanorum per- 
suader! potuit, ut Rhenum transirent. And nevertheless 
no state of the Germans could be persuaded to cross the Rhine. 
(Persuader! is used impersonally). 

Venerunt Romam. They came to Borne. 

Ventum est Romam. They came to Rome. 

Eundum est tibi. You must go. 



ERRATA. 

X, b, (3), for deter eo write deterreo. 

XI, d, (6), for delinquerant write deliquerant. 
XVII, c, for vales ne write valesne. 

XXI, c, Remark, for causative write causal. 



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